Παντω εγω δεν βλεπω καμια συσχετιση της ουσιας με την αντιμετωπιση των μυκητων
The BIRD Clinic - Bird Vet Dr. Larry Nemetz Avian Vet Orange CA specializes in treating pet birds throughout the US located in Southern California.
www.thebirdclinic.com
Antifungal Agents
Fungal diseases (aspergillosis, candidiasis, and avian gastric yeast [
Macrorhabdus ornithogaster]) are relatively common in captive birds. Of these diseases, aspergillosis is the most challenging to diagnose and treat. Although several species of
Aspergillus may be involved in avian disease, the most commonly encountered is
A. fumigatus, followed by
A. flavus and
A. niger. Particularly susceptible species include African grey, Amazon, and pionus parrots.
Agents most commonly used in treating mycotic diseases in birds include:
Amphotericin B: for aspergillosis, may be used intravenously or topically via nebulization, intratracheal, and direct application to lesions within the air sac; administered PO for avian gastric yeast; renal toxicity does not seem to be a significant problem in birds.
Nystatin: fungistatic; used to treat yeast infections, primarily candidiasis; functions as a topical treatment when administered PO (drug requires contact with the yeast to be effective).
Itraconazole: most common triazole antifungal used in birds; fungistatic; alters the cellular membranes of susceptible fungi, thereby increasing and allowing leakage of cellular contents and impaired uptake of purine and pyrimidine precursors.
Voriconazole: a triazole antifungal; oral; in people with aspergillosis, treatment success with voriconazole is often better than amphotericin or itraconazole; some side effects in people have been reported.
Other triazoles: fluconazole (PO), ketoconazole (PO), clotrimazole (nebulization), and miconazole and enilconazole (topical).
Terbinafine: fungicidal; an allylamine antifungal that inhibits squalene epioxidase, thus inhibiting fungal steroid and cell wall synthesis; well-tolerated; administered orally or nebulized.
Respiratory tract infections in birds caused by
Aspergillus are especially difficult to treat. The most commonly used drugs used to treat this disease are a combination of itraconazole with nebulization of amphotericin B. Topical application of amphotericin B or clotrimazole aids in the initial treatment success. Long periods of oral antifungal drug therapy are usually required to treat aspergillosis. Although itraconazole can be effective, treatment failures in some species (i.e., African grey parrots) are common. In those cases, terbinafine or voriconazole may be used.